Surging global demand for lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles and grid storage is pushing Australia to move beyond spodumene concentrate exports into domestic refining and cathode‑grade chemical production. Industry proposals centre on converting hard‑rock feed into battery‑grade lithium hydroxide and carbonate in Western Australia, leveraging existing Tier‑1 deposits and port infrastructure but facing high energy costs, skills shortages and permitting timelines. For miners and process engineers, the shift implies greater focus on impurity control, reagent optimisation and integration of hydrometallurgical circuits with upstream mine planning.

Graham has secured a £286m contract to redevelop Manchester Metropolitan University’s Cambridge Halls, delivering 2,302 student bedrooms in two new multi‑storey blocks rising up to 30 storeys on the site of demolished 1990s accommodation. The Cartwright Pickard–designed scheme combines cluster flats, studios, ground‑floor commercial units and a community health centre fronting Cambridge Street. Targeting BREEAM Excellent with air source heat pumps, PV panels, low‑energy heat recovery ventilation and intelligent BMS, phase one is due in 2029 with final completion in 2030.

Autonomous battery-electric haul trucks deployed by EACON at Shougang Group’s Shuichang Iron Ore Mine have completed a full year of operation, delivering quantified reductions in both unit haulage cost and diesel-related CO₂ emissions versus conventional diesel fleets. The system integrates autonomous driving, battery swapping and centralised dispatch to manage multiple BEV trucks on steep open-pit ramps and long-distance waste hauls. For mine planners and geotechnical teams, the shift to BEVs changes ramp ventilation assumptions, traffic patterns and braking heat loads, affecting haul road design and pit wall interaction.

Project Vault, a new $12 billion US government stockpile, targets critical minerals but leaves permanent magnet manufacturing—especially neodymium-based and other rare earth magnets—as the key unresolved vulnerability in decoupling from Chinese supply. Wade Senti, CEO of Advanced Magnet Lab, argues for a market-led, innovation-first strategy that diversifies rare earth feedstocks and sources while backing alternative magnet chemistries such as Samarium Iron Nitride (SmFeN) and Manganese Bismuth (MnBi). For mining and processing projects, this implies demand for flexible mine-to-magnet flowsheets, equipment-intensive magnet plants, and closer integration with downstream OEMs.

Network Rail has issued a prior information notice for a £450M Scotland’s Railway Electrification Framework, signalling a multi-year programme to extend 25kV overhead line equipment as part of Scotland’s rail decarbonisation plan. The framework is expected to cover design, civils and structures, mast and portal installations, feeder stations and sectioning cabins across multiple routes, with contractors needing proven experience in live-rail possessions and integration with existing signalling and structures. Geotechnical and civil packages are likely to include new foundations, bridge parapet and clearance modifications, and structural assessments for increased electrical clearances.

Jackson Civil Engineering has secured a £20m contract from East Sussex County Council to replace the single-lane, 1870s Exceat Bridge on the A259 over the River Cuckmere in the South Downs National Park. The scheme, funded by £7.9m from the Levelling Up Fund, £11.28m from Bus Service Improvement Plan Round 1 and council capital, will remove a major traffic pinchpoint between Seaford and Eastbourne where queues currently form in both directions. Preparatory works are due to start in spring, with environmental sensitivity a key requirement given the Seven Sisters Country Park setting.

The £1bn regeneration of Leeds’ four-hectare Eastgate Quarter has advanced with Khalbros and Torsion Group’s JV appointing FeildenCleggBradley Studios as lead architect/masterplanner and Danish urban designers SLA to reshape land between Vicar Lane and Bridge Street, from Lady Lane to the A64(M). Roscoe will deliver structural and civil engineering, AMA will advise on highways and transport, and FD Global will assess wind conditions, alongside ecology, archaeology, heritage and daylight/sunlight specialists. The mixed-use scheme, now in pre-application with Leeds City Council, aims to densify a long-underused inner-city area while reusing heritage buildings and expanding the city centre.

Construction has started on Lovell Homes’ £42m Swinfen Vale scheme on a 10.4-acre greenfield site off Beveridge Lane, Ellistown, forming part of Harworth Estates’ wider regeneration of southeast Coalville. The development will deliver 146 one- to four-bedroom homes, all designed to achieve SAP B energy ratings using gas heating supplemented by roof-mounted solar panels. Lovell will contribute £1m via planning obligations to local infrastructure and services, with first homes due on sale in July 2026 and initial occupation targeted for September 2026.

Sripath Technologies is marking 20 years of supplying specialised asphalt additives and modifier technologies to the global road construction and maintenance sector, with a focus on performance and cost efficiency. The company’s portfolio includes products such as rejuvenators and polymer modifiers designed to improve rutting resistance, fatigue life and workability, while enabling higher reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) contents. Its long-term commercial track record signals growing confidence in engineered additives as a route to more durable, lower‑carbon pavements without major changes to existing plant or laying practices.

Schlam Payload has launched what it calls the world’s first mining truck bodies manufactured from green steel, integrating low‑emissions steel plate into its Hercules open‑pit haul truck trays. The design retains the Hercules’ ultra‑lightweight, high‑volume profile for large rigid dump trucks while substituting conventional plate with certified low‑carbon steel from SSAB’s HYBRIT-based supply chain. For mine operators, the move offers a direct Scope 3 emissions reduction lever on load-and-haul fleets without redesigning truck chassis, payload envelopes or existing maintenance practices.

A campaign is urging local authorities to fund remediation of the 150‑year‑old hydraulic swing bridge over the River Tyne, which has remained in a fixed, closed position since 2019. The structure, originally designed to pivot to provide a navigable channel for shipping, now requires significant mechanical and hydraulic system repairs before any reopening can be considered. For civil and structural engineers, the case raises questions over life‑extension strategies, heritage load assessments and the cost–benefit of restoring full swing functionality versus partial structural refurbishment.

Fortescue has commissioned two Progress Rail battery electric locomotives in the Pilbara, each with a 14.5MWh onboard battery and 40–60% regenerative braking, to haul 40,000-tonne iron ore trains over 300–400km and cut about one million litres of diesel use per year. The units will run on renewable power from the Pilbara Energy Connect network, which already includes a 100MW solar farm with a 250MWh BESS at North Star Junction and a 760km electrified rail corridor linking five mines to Port Hedland. Fortescue is concurrently advancing 190–644MW-scale solar projects, its first Pilbara wind farm at Nullagine, and a green iron plant at Christmas Creek targeting first metal by June 2026.

New South Wales is rolling out Renewable Energy Zones (REZs) to replace ageing coal plants, clustering large-scale wind, solar and storage projects where grid capacity can be efficiently reinforced. Engineers are being redeployed from coal and gas infrastructure into REZ planning, high‑voltage transmission design and grid‑forming inverter integration, with a strong focus on connection studies and system strength. The shift is driving demand for civil and geotechnical works on new substations, access roads and foundations in remote sites, plus materials expertise for high‑temperature, high‑UV environments.

Canada’s critical minerals push is lagging US urgency, with Washington proposing a US$12‑billion “Project Vault” stockpile and even floating single‑month permitting for strategic mines, while Canadian approvals remain “glacial”. Anthony Vaccaro argues Canada’s C$4‑billion Critical Minerals Strategy, 26 G7 Production Alliance-backed investments and talk of a Critical Minerals Sovereign Fund still lack the execution speed needed to convert world-class lithium, graphite, nickel and rare earth deposits into processing capacity. He warns that without rapid permitting reform and Arctic infrastructure – ports, rail, grids and logistics – Canada risks ceding geopolitical leverage to China and faster-moving allies.

Fortescue has begun commissioning two Progress Rail battery electric locomotives on its Pilbara iron ore rail network, targeting elimination of about one million litres of diesel consumption per year. The units, supplied by Caterpillar’s rail subsidiary, are described as housing the world’s largest battery systems fitted to locomotives, designed for heavy-haul operations on long-distance ore trains. For mine planners and rail engineers, the project will test high-capacity battery performance, charging logistics and duty cycles under Pilbara heat, gradients and dust conditions.

Release has signed a seven-year leasing agreement with Tshukudu Metals Botswana, a Sandfire Resources subsidiary, to deploy a 21 MW solar power plant at the Motheo Copper Operations in Botswana. The modular plant will supply a significant share of Motheo’s process power demand, cutting diesel generation and exposure to regional grid constraints. For mine planners and process engineers, the deal signals further integration of long-term, contract-based renewable capacity into African copper operations’ power strategies.

Betolar has entered a strategic collaboration with EcoGraf and the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK) at the Epanko graphite project in Tanzania to test whether mine tailings can be reprocessed using Betolar’s metal extraction technology. The process is designed to enhance metal recovery from graphite tailings while generating secondary raw materials suitable for low-clinker binders and other construction products. For mine planners and tailings engineers, this signals potential shifts in tailings characterisation, storage design and long-term geochemical behaviour if waste streams are repurposed as feedstock.

Approval of a £1bn redevelopment will expand Liverpool Street Station’s capacity from today’s 98 million passengers a year towards more than 200 million, responding to a forecast 35% rise to 158 million by 2041. The Network Rail scheme, with Aecom as lead consulting engineer alongside Platform4 and Acme, focuses on improved access, circulation and accessibility while adding new commercial, cultural and public spaces. Design development has been driven by detailed heritage assessments, multi‑disciplinary engineering and formal environmental impact assessments.

Schlam Payload has launched Xeroline, a mining truck tray range built using SSAB Zero™ green steel, claimed to be the first truck bodies made from 100% carbon-free steel in mining. The initial Xeroline trays are being supplied to Australian open-pit operations, targeting high-production fleets where payload and wear life are critical. For mine operators, the move offers a direct Scope 3 emissions reduction lever in load-and-haul fleets without changing truck models, while testing the durability and wear behaviour of fossil-free steel in heavy impact, high-abrasion duty cycles.

A proposed £34bn upgrade of Britain’s electricity transmission and distribution network over 15 years is projected by Arup to unlock £194bn in wider economic benefits and support tens of thousands of jobs. The study points to accelerated grid reinforcement, new high‑voltage connections for offshore wind and solar, and targeted investment in substations and interconnectors as critical to connecting low‑carbon generation and electrified transport and heat. For civil and geotechnical engineers, this signals sustained demand for large‑scale cable corridors, substation platforms, foundations and associated transport and logistics works.

Komatsu is expanding a national network for parts recycling and re-manufacture, using dedicated component workshops and centralised core collection to return engines, hydraulic pumps and driveline assemblies to OEM specification. The programme, developed over more than 30 years, focuses on heavy civil and mining fleets, offering factory-certified reman components with standard new-part warranties and controlled turnaround times to reduce machine downtime. For contractors and asset owners, the approach cuts lifecycle costs, lowers embodied carbon in major components and supports more predictable maintenance planning on high-hour equipment.

Helical piles are being positioned as an alternative to traditional drilled or spread concrete foundations for lattice and monopole communication towers, particularly where uplift, lateral loads and variable soils control design. Screw-in steel piles with helix plates can be installed with smaller rigs, generate minimal spoil, allow immediate loading and are removable at decommissioning, contrasting with large-diameter drilled shafts or pad-and-pier systems that require curing time and substantial excavation. The comparison focuses on sites with constrained access, weak or layered soils, and projects needing rapid deployment or future relocation.

Evolution Mining has approved a coarse particle flotation (CPF) project at the Northparkes copper-gold mine in New South Wales, targeting higher copper recoveries by floating significantly coarser grind sizes than the existing circuit. The CPF installation will sit alongside the current concentrator, aiming to reduce overgrinding energy while capturing value from coarse sulphide particles that currently report to tailings. Board signoff of this and other portfolio projects signals continued capital allocation to brownfield process upgrades rather than major greenfield expansion.

Lundin Mining’s 70%-owned Caserones copper mine in Chile has become the first active operation to run an ultra-class haul truck with a hybrid-electric system, retrofitting Komatsu 930E truck #330 with a Cummins First Mode kit. The retrofit converts the diesel-electric truck to a hybrid configuration using an onboard energy storage system to capture and reuse braking energy on haul cycles. For mine planners and maintenance teams, the project provides an in-field reference for fuel burn reduction, potential payload-neutral decarbonisation, and integration of hybrid powertrains into existing 930E fleets.

AFC Energy has signed a Joint Development Agreement with Komatsu and Komatsu affiliate Industrial Power Alliance to integrate AFC’s proprietary ammonia cracking technology into a Komatsu industrial diesel internal combustion engine. The project will use ammonia as a hydrogen carrier, cracking it on-board to supply low-carbon hydrogen to the engine while retaining existing diesel engine architecture. For mine operators, this points to a potential retrofit pathway for large haul trucks and auxiliary plant without immediate replacement of high-horsepower diesel fleets.

Capital expenditure at existing mine sites is accelerating at an unprecedented rate, with University of Queensland researchers pointing to a global shift towards brownfield expansion rather than new greenfield projects. Operators are pushing existing pits and underground workings deeper, upgrading hoisting systems and ventilation, and retrofitting larger haul trucks and higher-capacity crushers to lift output without new approvals. For geotechnical and mine planning teams, this means more complex slope stability, ground support and dewatering challenges in ageing infrastructure, often under tighter regulatory and social constraints.

Inner Mongolia Guangna Coal has signed a deal with Shaanxi Tonly Heavy Industry, CiDi, CATL and Jiangsu Hengwang Digital Technology to deploy 500 all‑electric, autonomous wide‑body mining trucks at its Wuhai operations. CiDi will provide the autonomous haulage system, CATL will supply high‑capacity traction batteries, and Hengwang will integrate fleet control into a smart mine platform. The project signals rapid scaling of battery‑electric AHS fleets in Chinese coal, with implications for pit design, power infrastructure and maintenance regimes.

TOMRA Mining is deploying advanced sensor-based ore sorting to convert mine waste rock and tailings into saleable aggregate for infrastructure, extending mine life and reducing primary crushing and haulage demands. By separating barren from mineralised material on conveyors using XRT and other sensors, operations can upgrade run-of-mine feed, cut energy and water use in downstream comminution, and divert clean fractions for construction uses. The approach opens a secondary revenue stream while lowering waste dump volumes and long-term rehabilitation liabilities.

An ultrasonic acoustic fish deterrent designed for EDF’s Hinkley Point C cooling water intakes has proved “highly effective” in Swansea University trials, significantly reducing fish approach rates to the intake zone. The system uses targeted sound frequencies to steer multiple species away from the intake channel, aiming to meet Environment Agency requirements on impingement and entrainment without major changes to the intake structure. Trial results may remove the need for a large compensatory saltmarsh scheme on the Severn Estuary, easing local planning and coastal engineering constraints.

Skanska has begun a £273m structural refurbishment of Broadgate’s One Appold Street in the City of London, retaining the existing 1980s concrete and steel frame while adding six new floors and expanding the floorplate to create a 14-storey, 360,000 sq ft office building plus 48,000 sq ft of leisure and hospitality space. The scheme, for the British Land–GIC Broadgate joint venture, includes a new façade aligned with neighbouring Broadgate assets and full in-house MEP installation. Target ratings of NABERS 5–5.5* and BREEAM Outstanding put strong emphasis on circularity and embodied carbon reduction, with completion due in Q1 2029.

A £12.6M Environment Agency upgrade to flood defences along Fowlea Brook in Stoke-on-Trent, designed by Arup, has been completed to reduce flood risk to homes, businesses and key transport links. The scheme focuses on improving channel capacity and formalising embankments and walls along critical sections of the brook, which has a history of rapid response to intense rainfall. For geotechnical and civil teams, the works signal ongoing demand for integrated fluvial modelling, foundation design for flood walls, and coordination with existing urban infrastructure.

Britain is being urged to treat deep and shallow geothermal as a mainstream heat source, with a new national roadmap arguing that the country’s substantial but underused subsurface resource could displace a significant share of gas‑fired heating. The plan points to proven concepts such as mine‑water geothermal in former coalfields and district heating from deep sedimentary aquifers, which can be integrated with existing heat networks and large heat pumps. For civil and geotechnical engineers, this signals growing demand for high‑temperature boreholes, well integrity design and long‑term monitoring of thermal–hydraulic behaviour in urban ground.

Persimmon Homes has partnered with ground engineering technology firm Ecofill to re-use site-won excavated soils as engineered fill in adoptable roads, retaining walls, piling mats, embankments and trench backfills, displacing imported primary aggregates. Ecofill’s process allows classification and treatment of cohesive and granular arisings to meet highways and structural fill specifications, reducing soil sent to landfill and cutting lorry movements for aggregate haulage. The move signals wider potential for specification-compliant reuse of marginal soils on large housing schemes under UK earthworks and highway adoption standards.

Mesabi Metallics has purchased fully electric Epiroc Pit Viper 351 E rotary blasthole rigs via distributor Road Machinery & Supplies Co for its US$2.4 billion taconite iron ore mine and processing complex on Minnesota’s Iron Range. The large-capacity Pit Viper 351 platform, typically used for 270–311 mm production drilling, will be integrated into a greenfield operation designed around high-volume, bench-scale drilling and downstream concentrator throughput. Fully electric drilling reduces diesel use at the pit, simplifies highwall ventilation design and supports future integration with autonomous drilling and fleet electrification strategies.

Persimmon Homes has partnered with Leeds-based Ecofill to process surplus on-site soils and clays into certified aggregate replacement materials using mobile plant and proprietary binder mixes, following successful trials on Persimmon developments. The treated material is being used for adoptable roads, retaining walls, piling mats, embankments and trench backfills, with Ecofill stating compliance with relevant national European standards. For engineers, the approach cuts landfill export and imported aggregate haulage, with potential carbon and safety gains on both site logistics and local road networks.

Pilot Crushtec is expanding its European distributor network on the back of rising EU demand for its TwisterTrac VS350E Stage V mobile VSI crusher, developed specifically to meet EU Stage V emissions regulations. Sales and Marketing Director Francois Marais says the electric‑driven VS350E targets quarrying and mining contractors needing compliant, high-spec mobile crushing and screening trains. The move signals more competition for established European OEMs and could give mines additional options for low‑emission, modular crushing circuits in brownfield upgrades.

Rosh Pinah Zinc has commissioned Namibia’s first paste backfill plant at the Rosh Pinah zinc-lead-silver mine, enabling cemented paste backfilling of underground stopes to cut dilution, reduce surface tailings and improve ore recovery while being run by a locally trained operations team. The RP2.0 expansion, now over 85% complete and targeting Q3 2026 completion, includes a new portal and decline, new paste fill and processing facilities, a SAG mill and water treatment plants. In parallel, RPZ is executing more than 80 km of diamond drilling to 2027, covering infill, step-out and regional targets to extend mine life.

National Grid Electricity Distribution and UK startup Space Solar have begun a feasibility study into using wireless power transmission on Britain’s electricity network, assessing whether high-frequency radio or microwave links could move bulk power without new overhead lines or buried cables. The project will examine integration with existing 132kV–400kV infrastructure, potential use between substations or across constrained corridors, and impacts on grid stability, conversion efficiency and electromagnetic compatibility. Outcomes could influence future routing strategies where planning, geotechnical or wayleave constraints block conventional transmission assets.

Eramet’s Grande Côte mineral sands operation in Senegal has achieved IRMA 50 performance level, the first site in the group to complete an audit under the Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance standard. The voluntary assessment, aligned with Eramet’s 2022 CSR roadmap “Act for Positive Mining”, covers mine planning, tailings and water management, labour and community relations, and closure planning. For engineers, IRMA 50 signals external verification of baseline practices on issues such as dredge mining impacts, rehabilitation of coastal dune systems, and control of process-water circuits.

Mackley has secured a £12m contract from Barking Riverside Limited to remodel 500 metres of Thames foreshore in east London, raising the flood defence crest from +7.1mOD to +8.2mOD in line with the Thames Estuary 2100 strategy. Works, starting February 2026 and lasting about 14 months, will use regrading, reinforced concrete walls and localised sheet piling, with surface water managed via swales, attenuation basins and storage tanks. The scheme adds a new riverside terrace east of Barking Riverside Pier, upgraded pedestrian routes and 1,250 m² of new intertidal habitat, integrating utilities corridors, fire access and ecological mitigation.

CoRE Learning Foundation is partnering with Australian miners to give secondary students hands-on exposure to real mine planning, using site data, block models and basic scheduling tools rather than just classroom theory or Minecraft-style simulations. Students work on authentic design problems such as pit layouts, haul road geometry and waste dump placement, guided by practising engineers and geologists from companies like Mineral Resources. The programme is intended to build STEM capability, demystify modern mining methods and create a more work-ready pipeline of future mining professionals.

Australia’s first purpose-built battery-electric heavy-haul locomotives have arrived at BHP’s Pilbara iron ore operations, each carrying a seven‑megawatt‑hour onboard battery system with regenerative braking to capture energy on downhill loaded runs. Built by Progress Rail and Wabtec for the 1,435mm‑gauge network between the Pilbara mines and Port Hedland, the units will initially operate in mixed consists with diesel to validate traction power, range and charging strategies under 40,000‑tonne train loads. Results will directly influence future mainline fleet replacement, rail power supply design and braking strategies on long, 1–2 per cent ruling gradients.

Only 7% of National Highways’ 7,500km Strategic Road Network has been upgraded to the climate resilience standards the agency adopted around 2004, leaving most trunk roads and motorways still designed for historic rainfall and temperature assumptions. The adapted sections typically feature improved drainage capacity, revised pavement materials and embankment strengthening to manage more intense storms and higher groundwater levels. For designers and asset managers, this signals a large backlog of climate adaptation works on cuttings, embankments and pavement structures that will need to be integrated into future renewals and RIS programmes.

WSP and Mott MacDonald have secured a £25M contract from Great British Energy – Nuclear (GBE‑N) to deliver environmental services and permitting support for the proposed small modular reactor (SMR) development at Wylfa on Anglesey. The consultancies will lead environmental impact assessment, regulatory interface and consents strategy for the multi‑unit SMR site, a former nuclear location with complex coastal, seismic and ecological constraints. Early permitting work will be critical for geotechnical investigations, marine works and long‑lead nuclear island foundations once a reactor technology is selected.

Investment in constructing energy infrastructure delivers the largest economic growth multiplier among infrastructure classes, according to new modelling by Boston Consulting Group. The analysis compares grid and transmission upgrades with sectors such as transport, water and social infrastructure, finding that spending on energy networks generates the highest indirect gains through supply-chain activity and productivity. For civil and geotechnical engineers, the findings strengthen the case for capital programmes focused on high-voltage transmission, distribution reinforcement and grid‑connection works for renewables.

SSEN Transmission has begun onshore and nearshore construction for its 203km Spittal to Peterhead subsea HVDC link, designed to export renewable power from Caithness to Aberdeenshire. The scheme involves landfall works, transition joint bays and onshore cable sections tying into converter stations at each end, enabling bulk transfer of offshore wind output into the Scottish transmission network. Marine installation of the HVDC cable will demand detailed seabed surveys, burial design and protection measures to manage geotechnical risk along the North Sea route.

Momentum Technologies is commissioning what it claims is the world’s first dual-track demonstration plant near Dallas able to process both rare earth elements and lithium-ion battery materials using its proprietary membrane solvent extraction (MSX) system. MSX replaces football-field-scale solvent extraction circuits and kerosene with compact membrane reactors operating at moderate temperature and pressure, designed to cut footprint, energy use and time-to-commission for REE and battery-material refineries. The company is also progressing a 2,000 t/y commercial battery materials plant in Ohio and says its technology could ultimately support 20–50% of US rare earth processing capacity.

Tivan Limited has upgraded the mineral resource estimate for its Speewah fluorite project in Western Australia’s Kimberley region, describing the deposit as “globally significant” and strategically important for fluorine-based chemicals and aluminium production. The Speewah project, already known for its vanadium-titanium-iron mineralisation, now gains added value from a large, higher-confidence fluorite inventory within the existing mining lease. For geotechnical and mine planners, the combined polymetallic resource raises the stakes for integrated pit design, processing flowsheets and long-term infrastructure planning in a remote, high-cost logistics environment.

XCMG Group and Fortescue have unveiled early prototypes of “real zero” mining fleet equipment, signalling progress towards fully decarbonised haulage and ancillary machinery across Fortescue’s iron ore operations. The collaboration is targeting battery-electric and potentially hydrogen-powered platforms sized for ultra-class haul trucks and large loaders, aiming to integrate with existing pit infrastructure and high-capacity charging or refuelling systems. For mine planners and engineers, the move points to future requirements for redesigned haul profiles, power distribution, and maintenance regimes tailored to zero-emission drivetrains.

Growing demand, complex geology and shifting rare earth supply chains are driving miners to adopt MMD Group’s semi-mobile sizer stations at the pit rim instead of conventional truck-and-shovel haulage to fixed crushers. The sizers’ low roll speed and self-cleaning tooth design handle wet, sticky and variable ore, reducing fines and blockages while maintaining consistent product size for downstream flotation or leaching circuits. Relocatable units on crawlers or skids allow progressive pit advance, cutting haul distances, trimming energy use and limiting the footprint of permanent crushing infrastructure.