More than 60% of global demand for critical minerals is now met via international trade, with the IEF warning that copper and nickel could face material shortfalls by the mid-2030s as total demand for copper, nickel, cobalt, lithium and rare earths climbs from 28 Mt in 2021 to nearly 41 Mt by 2040. EV copper use alone is forecast to jump from 200,000 t in 2020 to 3.4 Mt by 2035, while Indonesia supplies over half of nickel, the DRC about 70% of cobalt, and China over 90% of rare earth refining. More than 600 policies now target critical mineral supply chains, with the US, Canada and Australia incentivising exploration, refining and recycling, and Indonesia, Chile and Peru pushing in-country value addition and export controls.

Landmark Planning and Infrastructure Act 2025 has received royal assent, giving ministers new powers to accelerate major roads, rail schemes, reservoirs, windfarms and grid connections, and underpinning Labour’s target of 1.5 million new homes. Key measures include a Nature Restoration Fund for centralised biodiversity offsetting, streamlined judicial review with only one court challenge allowed on meritless major project cases, and reformed local authority planning committees pushing smaller schemes to officers. The Act also simplifies EV charger approvals, eases compulsory purchase, and offers up to £250/year electricity bill discounts for 10 years to households near new pylons.

Ontario and Canada have signed a “one project, one review” agreement to coordinate federal and provincial environmental and impact assessments, targeting long-delayed mining and infrastructure schemes in the Ring of Fire and other critical mineral districts. The deal dovetails with Ontario’s One Project, One Process (1P1P) framework, which aims to cut mine approval timelines from up to 15 years to a maximum of two years, with Frontier Lithium’s PAK project the first pilot. For geotechnical and mining teams, the move signals materially shorter permitting horizons for cobalt, lithium, nickel and copper projects backed by a C$500 million processing fund.