Sodium-ion batteries and lithium: system design and supply risks for engineers
Reviewed by Tom Sullivan

First reported on MINING.com
30 Second Briefing
Sodium-ion batteries are emerging as a mass-market option for grid-scale storage and lower-cost urban EVs, with CATL already selling sodium-ion passenger vehicles and utility systems exceeding 1 GWh, but they do not displace lithium in high-energy-density applications. Because sodium is geologically ubiquitous—essentially salt at 2.3% of the crust—the bottleneck moves from scarce deposits like Greenbushes and the Lithium Triangle to midstream processing and gigafactory-scale manufacturing. China now controls over 90% of installed and announced sodium-ion manufacturing capacity, deepening Western dependence despite abundant raw sodium.
Technical Brief
- Hard-rock LCT pegmatites give Australia 36.7% of mine supply via Greenbushes, Pilgangoora and similar deposits.
- Chile and Argentina’s salar brines in the “Lithium Triangle” contribute 20.4% and 7.5% of global lithium output respectively.
- China produces only 17.1% of mined lithium yet dominates midstream refining and chemical conversion capacity.
- Beijing’s control of conversion plants makes it the de facto gateway between remote mines and global cell factories.
- Lithium deposits require rare fractional crystallisation of granitic melts or long-term brine enrichment in closed basins.
- Sodium, at ~2.3% of the crust, avoids such specialised tectonic or magmatic settings, simplifying upstream sourcing.
Our Take
CATL’s control of over 90% of installed and announced sodium‑ion manufacturing capacity, alongside its recent 30 billion yuan commitment to upstream lithium, nickel and phosphorus projects, signals that sodium is being developed as a complementary chemistry rather than a replacement for lithium in its portfolio.
The concentration of both lithium production (Chile, Argentina, China) and emerging sodium‑ion capacity in a small set of countries suggests that downstream OEMs such as BYD may use sodium cells tactically to reduce exposure to brine‑sourced lithium from the Lithium Triangle while still relying on Australian spodumene for higher‑performance applications.
Prepared by collating external sources, AI-assisted tools, and Geomechanics.io’s proprietary mining database, then reviewed for technical accuracy & edited by our geotechnical team.
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