Western efforts to reshore critical minerals risk stalling because the bottleneck is processing, not ore supply, with China still refining roughly 50% of global copper and about 90% of rare earths, mining lawyer Rebecca Seidl-Inglesby of Baker Botts warns. She notes a typical copper mine can take 17–30 years from discovery to US production, while new refineries face 18–24‑month product qualification lags, so governments are increasingly stepping in as commercial counterparties via price floors, 10‑year offtakes and equity, as seen in the Pentagon’s multi‑billion‑dollar MP Materials deal. Projects now win funding less on geology than on integrated routes from deposit to refinery and creditworthy offtaker, with capital structures clean enough to pass foreign‑investment scrutiny.

China’s Belt and Road strategy is consolidating control over critical minerals not at the pit but along export corridors, exemplified by the US$20 billion Simandou joint venture that couples a multi‑hundred‑kilometre heavy‑haul railway with the new deep‑water port of Morabaya to channel Guinean iron ore directly to Chinese industry. In Africa’s Copperbelt, where 15% of global copper reserves and most known cobalt resources sit thousands of kilometres from deep‑water ports, foreign‑financed rail and terminals effectively dictate whether concentrates move as raw exports or into local refining. Djibouti’s Doraleh Multipurpose Port, 85% funded by China and offering deep‑water berths suitable for naval deployment, illustrates how dual‑use port ownership can weaponise logistics and blunt resource‑nationalist policies such as export bans on unprocessed lithium, graphite, copper and cobalt.

Rejection by the High Court of campaigners’ bid to appeal against Gatwick Airport’s northern runway expansion plans is being framed by the airport’s lawyers as confirmation that “pragmatic approaches can be perfectly lawful” in major infrastructure consenting. The decision leaves in place the Development Consent Order for converting the existing standby runway into a full-time runway operating alongside the main strip, a scheme expected to lift capacity towards 75M passengers a year. Planning lawyers say the ruling may guide future challenges to DCOs for airports, roads and energy projects using flexible, risk-based assessments.